[189], In Britain, America, Portugal and in parts of Europe, opposition developed against the slave trade. This intensified effects that were already present amongst its rulers, kinships, kingdoms and in society. to get power they needed to fight. [193], Under the leadership of Thomas Jefferson, the new state of Virginia in 1778 became the first state and one of the first jurisdictions anywhere to stop the importation of slaves for sale; it made it a crime for traders to bring in slaves from out of state or from overseas for sale; migrants from within the United States were allowed to bring their own slaves. [10] The first Africans kidnapped to the English colonies were classified as indentured servants, with legal standing similar to that of contract-based workers coming from Britain and Ireland. So, while the U.S. Constitution, which went into effect in the autumn of 1788, permitted the resumption of that business, South Carolina remained committed to abstaining from the trans-Atlantic slave trade. [6][7] Except for the Portuguese, European slave traders generally did not participate in the raids because life expectancy for Europeans in sub-Saharan Africa was less than one year during the period of the slave trade (which was prior to the widespread availability of quinine as a treatment for malaria). [63] The main destinations of this phase were the Caribbean islands Curaao, Jamaica and Martinique, as European nations built up economically slave-dependent colonies in the New World. [130], After being marched to the coast for sale, enslaved people were held in large forts called factories. Eltis, David: "The volume and structure of the transatlantic slave trade: a reassessment". [131], Many diseases, each capable of killing a large minority or even a majority of a new human population, arrived in the Americas after 1492. The Atlantic slave trade was one of the most important examples of forced migration in human history. [230] [142] Africans and Europeans, unlike the native population, often had lifelong immunity, because they had often been exposed to minor forms of the illness such as cowpox or variola minor disease in childhood. Depopulation and a continuing fear of captivity made economic and agricultural development almost impossible throughout much of western Africa. In the 19th century alone over 50 million people left Europe for the Americas, a far higher rate than were ever taken from Africa. When he suspected the Portuguese of receiving illegally enslaved persons to sell, he wrote to King Joo III in 1526 imploring him to put a stop to the practice. [185], Other scholars accused Walter Rodney of mischaracterizing the trade between Africans and Europeans. SURVEY. The shock of this revolution in 1804, certainly introduces an essential political argument into the end of the slave trade, which happened only three years later. "More than a million people are thought to have died" during their transport to the New World according to a BBC report. [12][13]:194 The number purchased by the traders was considerably higher, as the passage had a high death rate with approximately 1.22.4million dying during the voyage and millions more in seasoning camps in the Caribbean after arrival in the New World. [56] Decisive was the Treaty of Tordesillas which did not allow Spanish ships in African ports. Such benefits included military technology (specifically guns and gunpowder), gold, or simply maintaining amicable trade relationships with European nations. Cause: Influx of Africans into the Americas and West Indies. answer choices. The first side of the triangle was the export of goods from Europe to Africa. The trade ended in 1866, when the last voyage crossed the Atlantic Ocean to Cuba. There were several major causes for the Atlantic slave trade, such as high demand for cheap labour, the growing economies of the European colonial powers and the desire to make money. [175], Other researchers and historians have strongly contested what has come to be referred to as the "Williams thesis" in academia. [223][224] The scheme was widely rejected by prominent African-American abolitionists such as James Forten[225] and Frederick Douglass. Proponents of the slave trade, such as Archibald Dalzel, argued that African societies were robust and not much affected by the trade. [123], The kings of Dahomey sold war captives into transatlantic slavery; they would otherwise have been killed in a ceremony known as the Annual Customs. [94], Europeans provided the market for slaves, rarely traveling beyond the coast or entering the African interior, due to fear of disease and native resistance. Native Americans in Atlantic slave trade. Spain had to rely on Portuguese ships and sailors to bring slaves across the Atlantic. "[236], On 9 December 1999, Liverpool City Council passed a formal motion apologising for the city's part in the slave trade. [15] This includes not only those who died in battles but also those who died as a result of forced marches from inland areas to slave ports on the various coasts. Cohn, Raymond L. "Deaths of Slaves in the Middle Passage". However African rights activists denounced it as "empty rhetoric" that failed to address the issue properly. [14] Of the slaves shipped to the Americas, the largest share went to Brazil and the Caribbean. "The Kingdom of Angola is not very far from here: The South Atlantic Slave Port of Buenos Aires, 15851640.". [109] Moreover, many scholars (such as Barbara N. Ramusack) have suggested a link between the prevalence of prostitution in Africa today with the temporary marriages that were enforced during the course of the slave trade.[184]. The demography of the trade involved an absolute loss of population and a large increase in the enslaved population that was retained in Africa. [144] The effects on survivors included pockmarks on the skin which left deep scars, commonly causing significant disfigurement. About 10.5 million slaves arrived in the Americas. [60] After 1790, by contrast, captains typically checked out slave prices in at least two of the major markets of Kingston, Havana, and Charleston, South Carolina (where prices by then were similar) before deciding where to sell. Investors mitigated it by buying small shares of many ships at the same time. The process was systematized in 1444 when the Portuguese Lagos Company was chartered under the patronage of Prince Henry. It is derived from the Portuguese word 'casar', meaning 'to marry'. It certainly was. In addition to the depopulation Africa experienced because of the slave trade, African nations were left with severely imbalanced gender ratios, with females comprising up to 65 percent of the population in hard-hit areas such as Angola. [47], By 1494, the Portuguese king had entered agreements with the rulers of several West African states that would allow trade between their respective peoples, enabling the Portuguese to "tap into" the "well-developed commercial economy in Africa without engaging in hostilities". Unpublished master's dissertation (London: Open University, 2013), pp. Besides the slaves who died on the Middle Passage, more Africans likely died during the slave raids and wars in Africa and forced marches to ports. At least ten centuries of slavery for the benefit of the Muslim countries (from the ninth to the nineteenth) Four million enslaved people exported via the Red Sea, another four million[34] through the Swahili ports of the Indian Ocean, perhaps as many as nine million along the trans-Saharan caravan route, and eleven to twenty million (depending on the author) across the Atlantic Ocean. [226], The Rastafari movement, which originated in Jamaica, where 92% of the population are descended from the Atlantic slave trade, has made efforts to publicise the slavery and to ensure it is not forgotten, especially through reggae music.[227]. Boruki, David Eltis, and David Wheat, "Atlantic History and the Slave Trade to Spanish America.". Causes/Effects of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Additional notes: This is also known as the Triangle Trade: first leg, manufactured goods are shipped from Europe to Africa to be traded for slaves; second leg (also known as the Middle Passage), slaves are shipped to the Americas (with 48% going to Brazil and 41% to the Caribbean); third leg, raw materials shipped from the Americas to Europe . Slavery was practiced in Africa before the beginning of the Atlantic slave trade. Account of Captives sold by Mass. The slave trade had devastating effects in Africa. Since then there have been a number of events recognizing the effects of slavery. The last rows show that there were also smaller numbers of slaves carried to Europe and to other parts of Africa, and at least 1.8 million did not survive the journey and were buried at sea with little ceremony. It was his confident belief that over 15,000 slaves had been brought into this country during the past year. By the late 16th century there existed some forms of inoculation and variolation in Africa and the Middle East. [Total of black slave trade in the Muslim world from Sahara, Red Sea and Indian Ocean routes through the 19th century comes to an estimated 11,500,000, "a figure not far short of the 11,863,000 estimated to have been loaded onto ships during the four centuries of the Atlantic slave trade." [173], Historian Eric Williams in 1944 argued that the profits that Britain received from its sugar colonies, or from the slave trade between Africa and the Caribbean, contributed to the financing of Britain's industrial revolution. What was a direct result of the Atlantic slave trade on Africa? The Bight of Benin's shore soon came to be known as the "Slave Coast". The slave trade's effect on African societies The use of enslaved African people for labour was not new. On 22 February 1807, the work of William Wilberforce was rewarded with victory. These were preliminary to the Congress of Vienna negotiations that Castlereagh dominated and which resulted in a general declaration condemning the slave trade. [89] Dahomey sent diplomats to Brazil and Portugal who returned with information about their trips. [1] The vast majority of those who were transported in the transatlantic slave trade were people from Central and West Africa that had been sold by other West Africans to Western European slave traders,[2][3][4] while others had been captured directly by the slave traders in coastal raids;[5] Europeans gathered and imprisoned the enslaved at forts on the African coast and then brought them to the Americas. Current estimates are that about 12 million to 12.8million Africans were shipped across the Atlantic over a span of 400 years. [240], On 24 February 2007, the Virginia General Assembly passed House Joint Resolution Number 728[241] acknowledging "with profound regret the involuntary servitude of Africans and the exploitation of Native Americans, and call for reconciliation among all Virginians". Question 1. Danish Foreign Minister, Uffe Ellemann-Jensen declared publicly in 1992: . . What were the causes and effects of the Atlantic slave trade quizlet? [20] Historian Pierre Chaunu termed the consequences of European navigation "disenclavement", with it marking an end of isolation for some societies and an increase in inter-societal contact for most others. By. the economies and history of the world. To get gold, a country had to export more than it imported. We must caution though that these calls by the British were not done because they were abolitionists on a moral crusade. Atlantic Slave Trade. Saidiya Hartman has argued that the deaths of enslaved people was incidental to the acquisition of profit and to the rise of capitalism: "Death wasn't a goal of its own but just a by-product of commerce, which has the lasting effect of making negligible all the millions of lives lost. Another practice involved taking pus from a smallpox scab and putting it in the cut of a healthy individual in an attempt to have a mild case of the disease in the future rather than the effects becoming fatal.[144]. [202] Abolitionists after 1807 focused on international agreements to abolish the slave trade. [165], Following the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 which gradually abolished slavery in the British Empire, the UK government took out a loan of 15 million ($4.25 billion in 2023) to compensate former slave owners for the loss of their "property" after their slaves were freed. [222], The American Colonization Society's proposal to send African Americans to Liberia was not universally popular among African-Americans, and the proposal was seen as a plot to weaken the influence of the abolitionist movement. Slaver was much supported in southern America as a result of the laziness of the South American people. David Brion Davis says that abolitionists assumed "that an end to slave imports would lead automatically to the amelioration and gradual abolition of slavery". Manning, Patrick: "Contours of Slavery and Social change in Africa". Quakers began to campaign against the British Empire's slave trade in the 1780s, and from 1789 William Wilberforce was a driving force in the British Parliament in the fight against the trade. Other items and commodities becoming important in global trade were the tobacco, sugarcane, and cotton crops of the Americas, along with the gold and silver brought from the American continent not only to Europe but elsewhere in the Old World. Joseph E. Inikori, "Ideology versus the Tyranny of Paradigm: Historians and the Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on African Societies". There is evidence that enslaved people from some parts of Africa were exported to states in Africa, Europe, and Asia prior to the European colonization of the Americas.[33]. [159], Punishing slaves at Calabouco, in Rio de Janeiro, c. 1822, Recently bought slaves in Brazil on their way to the farms of the landowners who bought them c. 1830, A 19th-century lithograph showing a sugarcane plantation in Suriname, In 18th century France, returns for investors in plantations averaged around 6%; as compared to 5% for most domestic alternatives, this represented a 20% profit advantage. We exploited the slaves in the West Indian Islands during 250 years and made good money on them, but when we had to pay wages, we sold them instead, without even asking the inhabitants () That really wasn't a decent thing to do. On 31 May 2007, the Governor of Alabama, Bob Riley, signed a resolution expressing "profound regret" for Alabama's role in slavery and apologizing for slavery's wrongs and lingering effects. Cause and Effects of Slave Trade Flashcards | Quizlet. Incidental death occurs when life has no normative value, when no humans are involved, when the population is, in effect, seen as already dead. [232], President Jerry Rawlings of Ghana apologized for his country's involvement in the slave trade. [94] This rumour was a common source of significant distress for enslaved Africans. A Synthesis". [53] However, Anne Bailey, commenting on Thornton's suggestion that Africans and Europeans were equal partners in the Atlantic slave trade, wrote: [T]o see Africans as partners implies equal terms and equal influence on the global and intercontinental processes of the trade. James C. Duram, "A Study of Frustration: Britain, the USA, and the African Slave Trade, 18151870." [66] From 1677 the Compagnie du Sngal, used Gore to house the slaves. [208], Even though it was prohibited, after and in response to the North's reluctance or refusal to enforce the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, the Atlantic slave trade was "re-opened by way of retaliation". Cassare formed political and economic bonds between European and African slave traders. They were kidnapped or bought at very cheap prices. [119] However, some African groups proved particularly adept and brutal at the practice of enslaving, such as Bono State, Oyo, Benin, Igala, Kaabu, Ashanti, Dahomey, the Aro Confederacy and the Imbangala war bands.[120][121]. A fear of monetary compensation might have been one of the reasons for the opposition. Du Bois Institute for African and African-American Research, "Understanding the Database - Methodology - Introduction", Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database, "Britain's Slave Owner Compensation Loan, reparations and tax havenry", https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-01-04/benedict-cumberbatch-slavery-reparations/101822368, "Chapter Thirty-One: Genesis of the Industrial Capitalist", "Founders Online: Bill to Prevent the Importation of Slaves, &c., [16 June 1777]", "Danish decision to abolish transatlantic slave trade in 1792", "The Royal Navy and the Battle to End Slavery", "William Wilberforce 'condoned slavery', Colonial Office papers revealRescued slaves forced into unpaid 'apprenticeships'", "Question of the Month Jim Crow Museum at Ferris State University", Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves and the American Revolution, "Averting a Crisis: The Proslavery Critique of the American Colonization Society", "Opinion | Ending the Slavery Blame-Game", Benin Officials Apologize For Role In U.S. Slave Trade", https://www.government.nl/latest/news/2022/12/19/government-apologises-for-the-netherlands-role-in-the-history-of-slavery, https://www.amsterdam.nl/bestuur-organisatie/college/burgemeester/speeches/toespraak-slavernijherdenking-2021/, https://www.dnb.nl/over-ons/slavernijverleden-dnb/excuses-voor-betrokkenheid-en-maatregelen/, "African chiefs urged to apologise for slave trade", "Liverpool and the transatlantic slave trade", "Livingstone weeps as he apologises for slavery", "Alabama Governor Joins Other States in Apologizing For Role in Slavery", "Obama praises 'historic' Senate slavery apology". He argues that the African economic model of the period was very different from the European model, and could not sustain such population losses. The timeline chart when the different nations transported most of their slaves. There was serious friction with the United States, where the southern slave interest was politically powerful. Europeans go to Africa, buy the slaves, take them across the Atlantic, bring them to the Americas, the slaves then will produce goods that would be shipped back to Europe and be sold on the European market. [60] While the Portuguese were directly involved in trading enslaved peoples to Brazil, the Spanish Empire relied on the Asiento de Negros system, awarding (Catholic) Genoese merchant bankers the license to trade enslaved people from Africa to their colonies in Spanish America. The slave trade brought about a negative impact on African societies and led to the long-term impoverishment of West Africa. As more and more diplomatic arrangements were made by Castlereagh, the owners of slave ships started flying false flags of nations that had not agreed, especially the United States. [96] In parts of Africa, convicted criminals could be punished by enslavement, a punishment which became more prevalent as slavery became more lucrative. David Eltis has compared the numbers to the rate of emigration from Europe during this period. [234][235], In 2009, the Civil Rights Congress of Nigeria has written an open letter to all African chieftains who participated in trade calling for an apology for their role in the Atlantic slave trade: "We cannot continue to blame the white men, as Africans, particularly the traditional rulers, are not blameless. Some nations were ready to express an apology, but the opposition, mainly from the United Kingdom, Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, and the United States blocked attempts to do so. Such resettlement continued throughout the 19th century, increasing following the deterioration of race relations in the Southern states of the US following Reconstruction in 1877. This can be interpreted as an institutional reform which reduced the cost of doing business. slaves) for manufactured goods. The Spanish and Portuguese had been using enslaved Africans since the 16th century.. A major contributor to this was Olaudah Equiano, born in present-day Nigeria and sold as a slave to the Americas. After the Spanish reached the Americas in 1492, the direction of the trade became trans-Atlantic. Many did not survive the ship rides to the Americas. As one of West Africa's principal slave states, Dahomey became extremely unpopular with neighbouring peoples. [89] The only apparent moral issue that the kingdom had with slavery was the enslavement of fellow Dahomeyans, an offense punishable by death, rather than the institution of slavery itself. [228], At a UN conference on the Atlantic slave trade in 2001, the Dutch Minister for Urban Policy and Integration of Ethnic Minorities Roger van Boxtel said that the Netherlands "recognizes the grave injustices of the past." This advantage was reinforced when France lost its most important colony, St. Domingue (western Hispaniola, now Haiti), to a slave revolt in 1791[164] and supported revolts against its rival Britain, in the name of liberty after the 1793 French revolution. Although moral arguments did play a secondary role, they usually had major resonance when used as a strategy to undercut competitors' profits. [177] Historian Richard Pares, in an article written before Williams' book, dismisses the influence of wealth generated from the West Indian plantations upon the financing of the Industrial Revolution, stating that whatever substantial flow of investment from West Indian profits into industry there occurred after emancipation, not before. Section 3 The Atlantic Slave Trade Answers. A A A. PDF. Cause: Slavery was seen as a minor institution in Africa for centuries. But the developmental benefits were limited as long as the business including slaving. [citation needed], However, both James Stephen and Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux wrote that the slave trade could be abolished for the benefit of the British colonies, and the latter's pamphlet was often used in parliamentary debates in favour of abolition. The first kidnapped Africans in English North America were classed as indentured servants and freed after seven years. Risksmaritime and commercialwere important for individual voyages. Owners turned to Africa for cheap labor. [207] Several hundred slaves a year were transported by the navy to the British colony of Sierra Leone, where they were made to serve as "apprentices" in the colonial economy until the Slavery Abolition Act 1833. The enslaved people revolted in 1526 and joined a nearby Native American tribe, while the Spanish abandoned the colony altogether (1527). There were over 173 city-states and kingdoms in the African regions affected by the slave trade between 1502 and 1853, when Brazil became the last Atlantic import nation to outlaw the slave trade. After 1791, the British islands produced the most sugar, and the British people quickly became the largest consumers. During the period of slavery, the populations of Europe and the Americas grew exponentially, while the population of Africa remained stagnant. Britain arranged treaties with Portugal, Sweden and Denmark in the period between 1810 and 1814, whereby they agreed to end or restrict their trading. We could at least have called a referendum, and asked people which nation they wanted to belong to. [89] In addition, a few royal elites of Dahomey had experienced slavery for themselves in the Americas before returning to their homeland. 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